Category Archives: Discussion
A view or perspective on the world
Values and systems again – GentlySerious – Medium
Why (Intervene in) Systems Changes? – Coevolving Innovations – David Ing
A series of pieces on coevolving.com from January-March of this year, which I’ll be linking out one per week (but all are on David Ing’s blog already). Here is 3/5
via Why (Intervene in) Systems Changes? – Coevolving Innovations
Why (Intervene in) Systems Changes?
With a focus on “ecological systems”, the second of four lectures planned for the Systemic Design course in the Master’s program in Strategic Foresight and Innovation at OCAD University proceeded as a timeboxed presentation: targeting 40 minutes of content (skipping slides to stay within time constraints), followed by 10 minutes of discussion. Since the slides are rich with content and links to sources, students were directed to pay attention to what I was saying, over trying to read the slides projected behind me.
The agenda was in four sections:
- [preamble] Errors, Attention and Traps (Ecological Understanding)
- Systems Changes Learning Circle (Bateson, Gibson, Ingold)
- (Resistances to) Changing as primary system of interest
- A. Socio-Ecological Systems Perspective
- Tavistock Institute (Emery, Trist)
- Organization as primary system of interest
- B. (Social-) Ecological Systems + Panarchy
- Stockholm Resilience Centre (Holling, Walker, Peterson)
- Ecology as primary system of interest
- C. The Ecosystem Approach
- Resilience Alliance (Waltner-Toews, Kay)
- Sustainable development project as primary system of interest
Online, the video is available on Youtube for streaming.
Viewers who prefer to watch video on a disconnected device can download a video file.
| Video | H.264 MP4 | WebM |
| January 31 (1h18m) |
[20200129_OCADU_Ing HD m4v] (HD 2666kbps 1.2GB) [20200129_OCADU_Ing nHD m4v] (nHD 1352kps 637MB) |
[20200129_OCADU_Ing HD webm] (HD VP8 425kbps 292MB) [20200129_OCADU_Ing nHD webm] (nHD VP8 224kbps 156MB) |
Readers who want to follow through on web link references may want to review the slides directly.
The lecture was given twice. The Wednesday full-time section classroom was disrupted by a water supply issue in the graduate school building, so we all decamped to a lecture theatre in the main building. The Friday part-time section proceeded as scheduled, making that audio recording the practical foundation with presentation slides for the web video.
The acoustics in the January 31 session (part-time cohort) was better for the web video. The digital audio for the talk on January 29 (full-time cohort) was in an auditorium with stadium seating, and a microphone. Versions boosted by 3db make quieter sections more audible.
| Audio | ||
| January 29 (54m58s) |
[20200129_OCADU_Ing ErrorsAttentionTraps.mp3] (51MB) |
[20200129_OCADU_Ing ErrorsAttentionTraps plus3db.mp3] (51MB) |
| January 31 (59m37s) |
[2020031_OCADU_Ing ErrorsAttentionTraps.mp3] (55MB) |
[20200115_OCADU_Ing ErrorsAttentionTraps plus3db.mp3] (55MB) |
Before diving into the multiple views on ecological systems, questions as to whether to intervene (as willful action following wei) or to let nature takes its course (as non-intrusive action following wuwei). Moving away from an anthropocentric perspective, illustrating action as part or not part of nature may be clearer in observing the Canadian beaver.
The Systems School Newsletter – and (paid, online) systems change course
“all the learnings to support you through this transition”
goodies in this newsletter
- learning: methods for the systems change framework
- learning: power in the system
- external learning: grounded hosting and engagement online w/ beehive production
+ starts easter monday – act fast!
- let’s experiment!
- facilitation and hosting guides for online events
dear systems community,
i’ve been grateful that in the last few days, my state of being is slowly shifting, from one of despair and overwhelm to inspiration and expansion. this is coming from unexpected conversation, connections and dreaming up the future with others and i’m so grateful for it. in this shift, i’m reminded of this quote from picasso…
inspiration exists, but it must find you working
so we’re transforming here at the systems school. i’m thinking of this less as ‘pivot’ or even adaptation, and more that we’re finding a state of flow within the complexity, bearing witness to the transformation and seeking out the energy and momentum that will carry us forward. it’s presenting us with some pretty incredible opportunities, and we hope you’ll come join us.
yours in learning.
seanna
director, the systems school
upcoming online learning events
systems methods for the systems change framework
an exciting collaboration, with all-star systems thinker dr.fiona mckenzie, director of orange compass https://www.orangecompass.com.au. in this series we’re getting right down to practice. each week, we will teach how to apply a systems method for one aspect of the systems change framework http://bit.ly/systemschangeframework. you will receive facilitation guides to apply the methods, and additional resources to support your learning.
dates: wednesdays 11:00-12:30pm (melbourne time), starting may 6th for 9 weeks
zoom platform, recordings available
sliding scale fees, starting at $350+
- week 1 – introduction to the systems change framework and systemic change
- week 2 – systems practices
- week 3 – purposeful engagement
- week 4 – reflect, learn, adapt
- week 5 – define situation
- week 6 – gain clarity
- week 7 – find leverage
- week 8 – act strategically
- week 9 – ‘ask me anything’ session
power in the system
we’re working with superstar facilitator lina patel (https://au.linkedin.com/in/linaxpatel) to bring you this very special offering. originally planning for an in-person learning event we’re pivoting online to bring this content to you now as we all wrestle with how to engage in these new ways of working.
in this weekly virtual learning series, we will explore and unpack issues of power within the practice of systems thinking each thursday from 11:00am – 12:30pm melbourne time beginning may 28th
- week 1 – how and why is power so critically important to our work in systems?
- week 2 – how can we examine power in systems thinking?
- week 3 – how is power showing up in OUR system? How can we adapt and become more power literate?
register (https://www.eventbrite.com.au/e/power-in-the-system-tickets-100456594378)
grounded online hosting and engagement – by beehive productions (https://beehive-productions.net/)
**starts easter monday**
discount available – email seanna(mailto:seanna@thesystemsschool.org?subject=i%20want%20to%20register%20for%20the%20beehive%20course) – we have a group of 3 already registering for a 30% discount
our friends at beehive productions are putting on a great learning series on grounded online hosting and engagement:
“As we find ourselves adapting to a new reality, finding alternative ways to socialize, do our work, and stay in contact with loved ones near and far, many of us are going beyond the initial panic and starting to realize the incredible potential of working online.
How we meet and host each other online is more important now than ever, whether the groups we are hosting are large or small. It can be a deeply meaningful experience or it can be very frustrating. This intensive is designed to minimize the frustration and maximize the value of our online engagements.”
see more details here (https://beehive-productions.mykajabi.com/GroundedResponse)
folks here’s what we know:
- the way we are connecting and working together is rapidly changing and we need to develop skills to do this well
- our meta systems are transforming and breaking open to new possibilities but we need to be active participants in rebuilding these
- we have so much to learn from traditional ways of knowing, now is the time to honour, respect and engage with these practices
- our future possibilities are ALL of ours, to dream into being
incredibly talented folks are coming into conversation to create an experiment and we’d like to invite you to participate. we’re creating a space to engage with everything i’ve noted above, all while recognizing this as an experiment.
we are in it for the learning, not the precision
we are in it for the connection, not the perfected outcomes
we are in it for the momentum building, not the answer
sign me up for the experiment (mailto:seanna@thesystemsschool.org?subject=sign%20me%20up%20for%20the%20experiment)
good practices for hosting online
i recently held a session and share some insight on hosting online, and in preparing for that came across a number of excellent resources others had already put together. check them out:
- the definitive guide to hosting remote workshops (https://issuu.com/muralapp/docs/the_definitive_guide_to_facilitatin)
- ten tools for digital engagement (https://static1.squarespace.com/static/531e5bf9e4b030d9a20a6177/t/5e72a8cddbc5156b756ab5da/1584572631941/10+Digital+Engagement+Tools_MODUS+Engagement+Toolkit.pdf)
- keeping social innovation social (https://www.tacsi.org.au/journal/keeping-social-innovation-social/?)
- collaborating remotely visual cheatsheet (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iLaUVXYkXEHM2FzWyDjddzZnC0emKeNX/view) by nicole howard
here (https://drive.google.com/file/d/16KIKMiLftq54sRGG75BJ1ISFRAJcjMoo/view) are the slides i shared in the session.
please join and contribute – COVID-19 Resources (Systems Community) | Facebook Group
Set up by Rob Young – useful links and a place for systems community conversations
via COVID-19 Resources (Systems Community) | Groups | Facebook
Centre for Systems Philosophy
via Centre for Systems Philosophy
What is Systems Philosophy?
Systems Philosophy is the philosophical component of Systemology, the transdisciplinary field concerned with the scientific study of all kinds of systems. In general terms Systems Philosophy arose out of the need to develop a scientific worldview that reflected the realization that everything in the concrete world is a system or part of one, with “system” being understood as “a whole that functions as a whole in virtue of the relationship between its parts”. The implication of this insight is that to properly understand something we have to understand not only its composition (as in the classical reductionistic approach), but also the relationships between its parts, between the parts and the whole, and between the whole and its environment. This calls for a change in perspective in how we conceptualise, study and engage with the concrete world. The central aim of Systems Philosophy is to articulate the systems worldview and find ways to use it to help solve important problems in science, philosophy and society.
Systems Philosophy arose specifically in the context of a search for a worldview that would appropriately reflect not only the physical complexity of the world but also the meaning, value and dignity of life and culture. The central ambition of systems philosophers from the outset has been to contribute in practical ways to scientific and humanistic efforts to build societies grounded in the values of justice, freedom, social welfare and environmental stewardship.
Key publications – http://www.systemsphilosophy.org/recommended-reading.html
History and development – http://www.systemsphilosophy.org/history-and-development-of-systems-philosophy.html
Scope – http://www.systemsphilosophy.org/scope-of-systems-philosophy.html
ME_WE game | Inspire people to adhere to the new existential concept of the Me-We-World through gamification.
G-Complexity, Quantum Computation and Anticipatory Processes, Nadin (2014) – and the concept of G-Complexity
Dialogue is sought by M. Nadin – https://www.nadin.ws/
Machine Intelligence – A Chimera. AI & Society. London: Springer Verlag (Springer Nature) 2018, pp. 1-28
Rethinking the experiment: a necessary (R)evolution, AI & Society 33:4, pp 467–485. New York/London: Springer. 2018
Rethinking the Experiment. https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.02491
Machine Intelligence – A Chimera. AI & Society. Heidelberg: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/s00146-018-0842-8
http://www.nadin.ws/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Machine_Intelligence_Chimera_AI-society.pdf
Medicine: The Decisive Test of Anticipation, Anticipation and Medicine. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishers, 2016, pp. 1-27 (978-1482208191)
https://www.nadin.ws/archives/2926
G-Complexity, Quantum Computation and Anticipatory Processes, Computer Communication & Collaboration, 2:1, 2014, 16-34. (DOIC: 2292-1036-2014-01-003-18).
https://www.nadin.ws/archives/2220
The Intractable and the Undecidable – Computation and Anticipatory Processes, International Journal of Applied Research on Information Technology and Computing, 4:3, 2013, 99-121.
Predictive and Anticipatory Computing, in Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology, Second Edition DOI: 10.1081/E-ECST2-120054027
Copyright © 2017 by Taylor & Francis.
https://www.nadin.ws/archives/2972
via (PDF) G-Complexity, Quantum Computation and Anticipatory Processes
G-Complexity, Quantum Computation and Anticipatory Processes
Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship | SCO – Initial Convening
A little bit of a confusing hodge-podge – a centre set up by Skoll at the Said Business School at Oxford University, which seems to have suddenly sprung to life with both a newsletter (copied at bottom) which links to a blog page (copied below) which has a bit of a different set of links.
via Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship | SCO – Initial Convening
SCO – Initial Convening
Latest blog update from the Skoll Centre’s main research initiative, the Systems Change Observatory.
In March 2019, we had a daylong session that integrated in-person attendance with contributions from participants around the world. This meeting incorporated opinions from previously conducted unstructured interviews to identify the most relevant issues and concerns regarding systems change among this first round of Observatory contributors.
The discussions raised were far from exhaustive. The value of this study lies in starting an exploration of topics that have not yet been systematically studied and understood with practitioners who, despite sharing similar concerns, are approaching problems differently.
Emergent themes
From our discussions, four key themes emerged:
- Definitions and conceptions of systems change
- The intersections of systems change, social entrepreneurship, and scaling solutions
- Implementing systems change
- Measurement and evaluation of systems change interventions.
The first two refer to the connections between systems change, social entrepreneurship and scaling-up an intervention in the social impact space.

The last two themes consider the principles for designing and implementing systems change activities and the challenges in setting up measurement and evaluation instruments for system change interventions. Given the diverse experiences of our interviewees, our findings highlight different mechanisms, challenges and prospects to positively drive and evaluate system change. We will share snapshots on these themes to map relevant issues and spark deeper conversations.
Looking ahead
One of the salient issues in systems change work is the relative lack of over-time data on ventures that pursue a systems approach to social innovation. This limits our understanding of how system change is conceived and pursued to address a wide range of challenges. Beyond this initial study, the SCO intends to explore what happens in the life-course of these ventures, shedding light on aggregate patterns across ventures and over time.
The SCO can contribute by providing key outputs on systems change in action. This includes identifying the skills required to engage in systems change, approaches and pathways to change that organisations follow over time and their experience with implementation. This can help entrepreneurs identify what skills to build and activities in which to engage.
The ambition of the SCO is to add value to the field by keeping in mind the relevance of our research for our stakeholders. We intend to offer value by leveraging our academic skills to undertake translational research in order to produce, compile, and disseminate knowledge that can be useful for academics and practitioners in the field of systems change.
Stay up to date with the latest news and research insights from the Systems Change Observatory, sign up to receive the newsletter.
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Feedback from SIGNAL: Fostering the Emergence of System Leadership Worldwide session, part of the Skoll 2020 Virtual Forum
via SIGNAL@cocreative.com
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Systems Thinking & Sustainability – Systems Innovation – online session 6 April 2020, CORRECTION 11am London time (BST/GMT+1)
(WAS listed as 6pm)
Guest speakers
Rika Preiser
Ray Ison
Louis Klein
via Systems Thinking & Sustainability – Systems Innovation
A massive expansion in demographics, technology, and economic activity has ushered in the age of the Anthropocene as the new reality of the 21st century. As more of us pack into cities, as technology becomes ever more pervasive and we alter Earth systems on an ever-larger scale, the systems that now surround us and coordinate our everyday lives are no longer given by nature but instead created by us. The complex sustainability challenges of a water crisis, energy transition, climate change or pollution are the product of the very systems we create and support our way of life, with these systems in turn created and sustained by our ways of looking at the world, our paradigm. This insight has lead many to the conclusion that a shift to a more sustainable world will start with a shift in our ways of thinking to a way that helps us to better see and act in relation to the whole – the promise of systems thinking. In this talk we will explore the relationship between systems thinki
(View Full Event Description Here: https://systemsinnovation.io/event/systems-thinking-sustainability/)
Theory – Legitimation Code Theory (and Semantic Waves)
From the same source as ‘the Threshold Concept’ (https://stream.syscoi.com/2019/12/03/the-threshold-concept-an-introduction-and-overview-to-the-concept/) – the wonderful Martin McNamara at UCD (@celticowl):
via Theory – Legitimation Code Theory (How To Teach Powerful Things)
Map–territory relation – Wikipedia
I’m usually pretty allergic to discussions about map/territory relationships – they usually devolve to being as simplistic as the average discussion about ‘mental models’ (to which my default response is: there aren’t models and they aren’t mental, but it’s a 50%-decent metaphor) – but this is a good summary.
via Map–territory relation – Wikipedia
As so often, the best insight is in the Bateson quote:
We say the map is different from the territory. But what is the territory? Operationally, somebody went out with a retina or a measuring stick and made representations which were then put on paper. What is on the paper map is a representation of what was in the retinal representation of the man who made the map; and as you push the question back, what you find is an infinite regress, an infinite series of maps. The territory never gets in at all. … Always, the process of representation will filter it out so that the mental world is only maps of maps, ad infinitum.
See also:
https://stream.syscoi.com/2019/12/28/a-curriculum-for-meta-rationality-what-they-dont-teach-you-at-stem-school-meaningness-and-some-summary-posts-on-david-chapmans-ideas/
Core Art of Hosting Practices – The Art of Hosting
Perhaps not truly systems thinking but a powerful set of practices.
The groan zone journey: https://amandafenton.com/2013/12/the-groan-zone-journey/
Seven little helpers for dialogue and action: http://www.chriscorrigan.com/parkinglot/seven-little-helpers-for-dialogue-and-action-part-5-make-a-wise-decision/
Breath pattern: https://www.mnartofhosting.com/breath-pattern.html
Core concepts: http://francois.thunus.org/aohCoreConcepts.htm
via Core Art of Hosting Practices – The Art of Hosting
Core Art of Hosting Practices
Work in progress!
As you may notice, this page is getting step-by-step to completion. More gets added as time passes by…
[headlines only – click link above for content:]
CORE METHODOLOGIES:
CIRCLE PRACTICE (The Circle Way)
THE WORLD CAFE
OPEN SPACE TECHNOLOGY
PRO ACTION CAFE
COLLECTIVE STORY HARVESTING
BASIC ART OF HOSTING PATTERNS for PROCESS DESIGN:
THE FOUR-FOLD(ed) PRACTICE
CHAORDIC PATH
WICKED QUESTIONS
DIVERGENCE – EMERGENCE – CONVERGENCE
HARVESTING
APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY
MORE COMPLEX PROCESS DESIGN:
CHAORDIC STEPPING STONES
BREATHS OF PROCESS DESIGN
AND MORE:
WORLDVIEW
STORYTELLING
COMMUNITY
Compiled by Ria Baeck
Learning Focusing: the Classic Six Steps | International Focusing Institute
Other links:
About Eugene Gendlin: https://www.eugenegendlin.com/about
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Gendlin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focusing_(psychotherapy)
via Learning Focusing: the Classic Six Steps | International Focusing Institute
Learning Focusing: The Classic Six Steps
These Six Steps are also available in:
Nederlands (Dutch) | Deutsch (German) | Español (Spanish)
עברית (Hebrew) | Italiano (Italian) | Português (Portuguese)
日本語 (Japanese) | Dansk (Danish) | Suomi (Finnish)
Most people find it easier to learn Focusing through individual instruction than through simply reading about it. The actual process of Focusing, experienced from the inside, is fluid and open, allowing great room for individual differences and ways of working.
Yet to introduce the concepts and flavor of the technique, some structure can be useful. We offer one approach here: six steps. Although these steps may provide a window into Focusing, it is important to remember that they are not the six steps. Focusing has no rigid, fixed agenda for the inner world; many Focusing sessions bear little resemblance to the technical process that we define here. Still, every Certified Focusing Professional (Trainer) is deeply familiar with these six steps, and uses them as needed throughout a Focusing session. Many people have had success getting in touch with the heart of the process just by following these simple instructions.
So, with the caveat that what follows is a simple scaffolding for you to use as long as it’s useful and then to move beyond, we offer to you six steps, a taste of the process.
The inner act of Focusing can be broken down into six main sub-acts or movements. As you gain more practice, you won’t need to think of these as six separate parts of the process. To think of them as separate movements makes the process seem more mechanical than it is—or will be, for you, later. I have subdivided the process in this way because I’ve learned from years of experimenting that this is one of the effective ways to teach Focusing to people who have never tried it before.
Think of this as only the basics. As you progress and learn more about Focusing you will add to these basic instructions, clarify them, and approach them from other angles. Eventually—perhaps not the first time you go through it—you will have the experience of something shifting inside.
So here are the Focusing instructions in brief form, manual style. If you want to try them out, do so easily, gently. If you find difficulty in one step or another, don’t push too hard; just move on to the next one. You can always come back.
Clearing A Space
What I will ask you to do will be silent, just to yourself. Take a moment just to relax . . . All right—now, inside you, I would like you to pay attention inwardly, in your body, perhaps in your stomach or chest. Now see what comes there when you ask, “How is my life going? What is the main thing for me right now?” Sense within your body. Let the answers come slowly from this sensing. When some concern comes, DO NOT GO INSIDE IT. Stand back, say “Yes, that’s there. I can feel that, there.” Let there be a little space between you and that. Then ask what else you feel. Wait again, and sense. Usually there are several things.
Felt Sense
From among what came, select one personal problem to focus on. DO NOT GO INSIDE IT. Stand back from it. Of course, there are many parts to that one thing you are thinking about—too many to think of each one alone. But you can feel all of these things together. Pay attention there where you usually feel things, and in there you can get a sense of what all of the problem feels like. Let yourself feel the unclear sense of all of that.
Handle
What is the quality of this unclear felt sense? Let a word, a phrase, or an image come up from the felt sense itself. It might be a quality-word, like tight, sticky, scary, stuck, heavy, jumpy or a phrase, or an image. Stay with the quality of the felt sense till something fits it just right.
Resonating
Go back and forth between the felt sense and the word (phrase, or image). Check how they resonate with each other. See if there is a little bodily signal that lets you know there is a fit. To do it, you have to have the felt sense there again, as well as the word. Let the felt sense change, if it does, and also the word or picture, until they feel just right in capturing the quality of the felt sense.
Asking
Now ask: what is it, about this whole problem, that makes this quality (which you have just named or pictured)? Make sure the quality is sensed again, freshly, vividly (not just remembered from before). When it is here again, tap it, touch it, be with it, asking, “What makes the whole problem so ?” Or you ask, “What is in this sense?”
If you get a quick answer without a shift in the felt sense, just let that kind of answer go by. Return your attention to your body and freshly find the felt sense again. Then ask it again.
Be with the felt sense till something comes along with a shift, a slight “give” or release.
Receiving
Receive whatever comes with a shift in a friendly way. Stay with it a while, even if it is only a slight release. Whatever comes, this is only one shift; there will be others. You will probably continue after a little while, but stay here for a few moments.
IF DURING THESE INSTRUCTIONS SOMEWHERE YOU HAVE SPENT A LITTLE WHILE SENSING AND TOUCHING AN UNCLEAR HOLISTIC BODY SENSE OF THIS PROBLEM, THEN YOU HAVE FOCUSED. It doesn’t matter whether the body-shift came or not. It comes on its own. We don’t control that.
Instructions For Not Following Instructions
Isn’t it wrong to publish instructions for inward personal process?
One danger with a set of instructions is that people might use them to close off other ways. Anything human involves more than one method. Please notice, we don’t say that this method is all you need or might find valuable. Had we said that, we hope you would have thought us stupid.
Anything you learn here can go well with anything else that you may find helpful. If there seems to be a contradiction, go easy. Let your own steps find the way to reconcile the contradiction.
There are other reasons one might not like specifics, such as these steps. Instructions may seem to diminish mystery and openness, although that is not so.
Also, written instructions cannot avoid misunderstandings. No formula fits every person. Anyway, one must find one’s own path.
These problems occur with all types of knowledge about humans.
Adopt a “split-level” approach to all instructions: On the one hand follow the instructions exactly, so that you can discover the experiences to which they point. On the other hand be sensitive to yourself and your own body. Assume that only sound expansive experiences are worth having. The moment doing it feels wrong in your body, stop following the instruction, and back up slightly. Stay there with your attention until you can sense exactly what is going wrong.
These are very exact instructions for how not to follow instructions!
And, of course, they apply to themselves, as well.
In this way you will find your own body’s steps, either through the instructions, or through what is wrong with them.
Focusing is always like that: You don’t push on if it doesn’t feel right, but you don’t run away either. You go no further, but you back up only a little, so that you stay until what is in the way becomes clear.
Focusing is quite safe. It may not work but it is not negative. So, if you sense something that does not feel life-forwarding and sound in your body, sense what that is until that opens.
But isn’t it the height of self-contradiction to give exact steps for how not to follow instructions? Indeed. One often needs several attitudes at once.
In a society increasingly skilled at human processes, of course we share the specifics we learn. Shall we teach the specifics of driving a car and not the specifics of finding and opening the bodily felt sense? But, human processes do give rise to more different specifics than can be logically consistent. Human nature is not fixed and not knowable in some single system. That is fortunate. No knowledge can push you out of the driver’s seat of your life. Especially not our knowledge here, which is to be about finding your own process!
Therefore this knowledge, here, must arrange for itself to be superseded by you, as you sense for what feels sound, inside you. Instructions for not following instructions are the essence of Focusing—one’s own inwardly opening steps.
If you stop and sense what’s wrong at any point, and if you wait there until that opens and reveals itself, you can make good use of all sorts of methods and instructions. You do any method better than its authors can arrange.











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